What is Skin Involvement or T4b ?Edema (including peau d’ orange) or ulceration of the skin of the breast or satellite skin nodules confined to the breast.
What is not Skin Involvement or T4b ?
Dimpling of the skin and nipple retraction is not considered skin involvement.
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Skin involvement in breast showing a skin nodule
surrounded by edema (peau d orange)
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How does peau d’ orange appearance develop?Localised edema (peau d’orange) develops when drainage of lymph fluid from the skin is disrupted by infiltration of lymphatics by metastatic cells.
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Read more about Ca Breast:
WHAT IS THE REASON FOR PUCKERING OR SKIN RETRACTION IN BREAST CANCER?
http://www.worldsurgeryforum.net/2016/05/what-is-reason-for-puckering-or-skin.html
SKIN PUCKERING AND PEAU D ORANGE APPEARANCE IN BREAST CANCER
http://www.worldsurgeryforum.net/2016/05/skin-puckering-and-peau-d-orange.html
WHAT IS THE ACCURACY OF CLINICAL DETERMINATION OF AXILLARY LYMPH NODE METASTASIS IN CA BREAST?
http://www.worldsurgeryforum.net/2016/06/what-is-accuracy-of-clinical.html
MECHANISM OF METASTASIS FROM CA BREAST TO BATSON'S PLEXUS AND LIVER
http://www.worldsurgeryforum.net/2016/06/mechanism-of-metastasis-from-ca-breast.html
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