Showing posts with label neuroscience. Show all posts
Showing posts with label neuroscience. Show all posts

 

BEST Neuroanatomy books for MBBS, NEET SS & Residents



Best book for Neuroanatomy for 1st Year MBBS

Though ‘Snell’s Clinical Neuroanatomy’ is one of the world's most popular neuroanatomy books for Medical students, but it is quite detailed for a student of 1st-year MBBS. So if you want to go easy with your Neuroanatomy in your 1st-year MBBS or time is a constraint, you can go for Vishram Singh or Inderbir Singh Neuroanatomy. They take care of basics in an easily digestible manner and cover the subject enough for 1st year MBBS. Also, you can supplement your study with video lectures of Dr. Najeeb.


Vishram Singh Neuroanatomy: 

  • Good set of diagrams
  • Very simple and easy to grasp


Inderbir Singh

  • Well illustrated and easy to retain

Best Book for Neuroanatomy for NEET SS Neurosurgery Preparation

Best Book for Neuroanatomy from MCQ perspective for NEET SS Neurosurgery: Snell's Neuroanatomy

Why?

  • Includes Clinical notes with neuroanatomy, covers many important mcq points
  • MCQs and clinical problems with detailed explanations of the answers, many MCQs can be directly asked in the exams
  • Additional online resources in the form of an interactive atlas and 450 USMLE-style review questions - again many of these MCQs are based on important high yield topics




Best Book for Neuroanatomy for MCh/ DNB Neurosurgery Residents/ FRCS Neurosurgery

Book for Basic Neuroanatomy for Neurosurgery Residents


There are limited number of real human brains and sections. Most of the diagrams are schematics and not completely applicable to surgical practice.



This interesting, far reaching book gives rich visual direction on all parts of neuroanatomy, along with fine art by ace clinical artist Frank H. Netter, MD. Brief tables feature significant parts of each structure, outfitting you with the basic information you have to ace this intricate control. Most of the diagrams are schematics, good for developing concepts.






  • Coverage of both regional and systemic neurosciences 
  • Netter and Netter-style illustrations to highlight key neuroanatomical concepts and clinical correlations.
  • Reflects the current understanding of the neural components and supportive tissue, regions, and systems of the brain, spinal cord, and periphery.
  • Easy to memorize overview of anatomy, function, and clinical relevance.
  • The succinct and useful format utilizes tables and short text to offer easily accessible "at-a-glance" information.
More Info: 

Highlights cross-sectional brain stem anatomy and side-by-side comparisons of horizontal sections, CTs and MRIs.


Student Consult eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience includes access -- on a variety of devices -- to the complete text, 14 videos, and images from the book.
Expanded coverage of cellular and molecular neuroscience provides essential guidance on signaling, transcription factors, stem cells, evoked potentials, neuronal and glial function, and a number of molecular breakthroughs for a better understanding of normal and pathological conditions of the nervous system.

Micrographs, radiologic imaging, and stained cross sections supplement illustrations for a comprehensive visual understanding.


Book for Surgical Neuroanatomy for Neurosurgery Resident

Rhoton's Cranial Anatomy and Surgical Approaches



  • 2000 full-color illustrations
  • the best book to understand microsurgical anatomy of the brain for neurosurgeons at any career stage


  • This book presents neurosurgical cadaveric anatomy by detailing approaches in the same operative position patients would be placed in during a real operative procedure. 
  • It includes:
    • all commonly used cranial and cranial base approaches
    • anterior, posterior, anterolateral, and posterolateral approaches to all segments of the spine
    • all commonly performed procedures on peripheral nerves
    • endoscopic approaches to cranial and spinal neurosurgery



Book for Radiological Neuroanatomy for Neurosurgery Residents:

Netter’s Correlative Imaging: Neuroanatomy


Interpret the complexities of neuroanatomy like never before with the unparalleled coverage and expert guidance from Drs. Srinivasan Mukundan and Thomas C. Lee in this outstanding volume of the Netter’s Correlative Imaging series. Beautiful and instructive Netter paintings and illustrated cross-sections created in the Netter style are presented side by side with high-quality patient images and key anatomic descriptions to help you envision and review intricate neuroanatomy.

Cranial Neuroimaging and Clinical Neuroanatomy: Atlas of MR Imaging and Computed Tomography


Detailed brain anatomy shown in the three orthogonal planes; two-page spreads showing imaging studies keyed to the graphics using numbers that are consistent throughout. Graphic representation of the major arterial and venous territories and CNS spaces, supra- and infratentorial It revealed in multiplanar parallel sections, including detail on the potential sites of lesions and corresponding neurologic deficits

New to the fourth edition:

All X-ray and CT-/MR images replaced with new high-resolution CT and MR images

High resolution 3-Tesla MR images of the brainstem, 7-Tesla-images, fractional anisotropy (FA) maps as well as quantitative susceptibility maps (QSM)

New material on temporal bone, brain maturation, neurofunctional systems

Clinical context updated and expanded

Neuroradiology: The Requisites (Requisites in Radiology) 

Highlights 1,200 great neuroimaging pictures. Makes it simple to find any topic of interest because of an intelligent association by ailments and areas.  Summarizes differential diagnoses in quick-reference tables to reinforce important facts. Focuses on essentials to pass the exams.





10/21/2020 07:30:00 AM
7/22/2020 11:18:00 PM
Contents

  1. Case Report
  2. Introduction
  3. Signs and symptoms
  4. Pathophysiology
  5. Diagnosis
  6. Treatment
  7. Hypertensive Pontine Hemorrhage Video

Case Report


  • 52yr old male
  • k/c/o HTN not on regular medication
  • Presented with sudden onset loss of consciousness


On Examination


  • GCS - E1VetM1
  • Pupils -B/L 1mm NRTL (Pin-Point Pupils)
  • Planters B/L mute


CT Scan
Hypertensive Pontine Hemorrhage CT Scan
Hypertensive Pontine Hemorrhage

  • Seen in long standing poorly-controlled chronic hypertension. 
  • It carries a very poor prognosis.
  • Pontine hemorrhage accounts for 5-10% of all hemorrhagic strokes (Jang et al 2011)


Signs and symptoms

  • "classic" pontine hematoma syndrome characterized by coma, quadriparesis, and eventual demise (Kushner et al 1985)
  • Clinical features of Pontine Hematoma are (Deng and Gaillard et al.)
    • Loss of consciousness (most common)
    • long tract signs including tetraparesis
    • cranial nerve palsies
    • seizures
    • Cheyne-Stokes respiration
  • CST does not play an essential role in recovery of independent walking and vestibulospinal tracts may not crucially affect recovery of independent walking in patients with pontine hemorrhage. In contrast, and intact CRP (corticoreticular pathway) or changes of the CRP integrity appear to be related to the recovery of gait function (Yeo et al 2020)

Pathophysiology

Hypertensive Pontine Hemorrhage
  • Due to rupture of penetrating arteries from the basilar artery extending into the pons 
  • These arteries are prone to lipohyalinosis as a result of poorly-controlled hypertension 
  • This makes the vessel wall prone to rupture. 
  • Larger paramedian perforators are more commonly the culprit vessels
Other Causes of Pontine Hemorrhage
Other causes of pontine hemorrhage include
  • Cavernoma
  • AV Malformation
  • Tumour bleed
  • Transtentorial herniation (Duret Hemorrhage)


Diagnosis

NCCT Brain is the investigation of choice. It shows:
  • Acute intraparenchymal hemorrhage within the pons
  • The hematoma frequently ruptures into the 4th ventricle 

Treatment

  • Poor prognosis
  • Large bleeds are almost universally fatal. 
  • Open surgical evacuation of the clot is usually not performed
  • In smaller hemorrhages, medical management and treatment of hydrocephalus with extraventricular drains may be life saving, 
  • Mortality ranges between 30% and 90% (Jang et al 2011)
  • Outcome depends on the volume of the bleed and initial GCS

Hypertensive Pontine Hemorrhage Video


Read Similar Posts

HISTORY TAKING IN NEUROSURGERY : HEADACHE


ACUTE SUBDURAL HEMATOMA WITH EXTRADURAL HEMATOMA: CT COMMA SIGN


ENDOVASCULAR TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN ANEURYSMS: CONCEPTUAL ANIMATION VIDEOS

6/12/2020 06:01:00 PM
Neuro Urology and The Neurogenic Bladder

1. Neurogenic bladder refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of micturition . 
2. Non Neurogenic bladder refers to dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to dynamic disturbance of genitourinary system. 
 
Micturition Pathway
3. detrusor muscle of the bladder is innervated by parasympathetic neurons located in the S2-S4  column
 
5/19/2020 01:08:00 AM

The CT comma sign is a characteristic sign seen in head trauma. It is the presence of concurrent epidural and subdural hematomas, which gives the characteristic appearance of this sign as a "comma" shape.

The CT comma sign is a characteristic sign seen in head trauma. It is the presence of concurrent epidural and subdural hematomas, which gives the characteristic appearance of this sign as a "comma" shape.

The CT comma sign is a characteristic sign seen in head trauma. It is the presence of concurrent epidural and subdural hematomas, which gives the characteristic appearance of this sign as a "comma" shape.
The CT comma sign is a characteristic sign seen in head trauma. 
It is the presence of concurrent epidural and subdural hematomas, 
which gives the characteristic appearance of this sign as a "comma" shape.           

70/M 

Chief Complaints: Numbness Lt Arm, 1 Episode of Partial seizure,Lt grip weakness since today morning. 

H/o Fall 3 days back. 

K/C/O HTN/DM/Post CABG 1994 with implanted defibrillator device (CRTD)/ Post Mechanical Thrombectomy for Rt MCA territory Infarct (March2020) on Ecospirin and T. APIXABAN(last dose today). 

Kn chronic  smoker and alcoholic. 

O/E 

E4V5M6
Pupils B/L 2mm RTL . 
Power Lt side 4/5. 
Left Hand grip 70%.

Since the patient was having multiple comorbidities with deranged coagulation and the GCS was 15, it was decided to manage the patient conservatively. Ecospirin and APIXABAN were stopped after consulting with a cardiologist and neurologist. 

#neuroradiology#neuroscience
#neurosurgeon #brainmri #braincat 

Reference


5/08/2020 10:28:00 AM

     

    MRI Spectroscopy : Neurosurgery Notes

    1. MR spectroscopy provides a measure of brain chemistry.
    2. The most common nuclei that are used are 
      • 1H (proton)
      • 23Na (sodium)
      • 31P (phosphorus). 
      • Proton spectroscopy is easier to perform and provides much higher signal-to-noise than either sodium or phosphorus.
    3. MRS can be performed within 10-15 minutes and can be added on to conventional MR imaging protocols. 
    4. It can be used to serially monitor biochemical changes in tumors, stroke, epilepsy, metabolic disorders, infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. 
    5. They require interpretation and should always be correlated with the MR images before making a final diagnosis.
5/05/2020 01:23:00 AM
    Hypothalamus Neuroanatomy/ Neurosurgery Notes




     Video Link:Neurosurgery written board crash course - hypothalamus 


     

    1. hypothalamus as the name suggests is directly underneath the thalamus and it's directly above the pituitary 
    2. borders of the hypothalamus can be drawn by a triangle 
      • line between the anterior commissure and a posterior commissure and it's called the ACPC line
      • line between the anterior commissure and the optic chiasm roughly boarded by the lamina terminalis 
      • line between the chiasm and the posterior commissure 
5/02/2020 09:39:00 PM
History Taking in Neurosurgery : Headache

What are the pain sensitive intracranial structures?

Brain itself is pain insensitive. 

The following intracranial structures are pain-sensitive:
  1. Meningeal arteries
  2. Proximal portions of the cerebral arteries
  3. Dura at the base of the brain
  4. Venous sinuses
  5. Cranial nerves 5, 7, 9, and 10, and cervical nerves 1, 2, and 3

What are the mechanisms causing headaches?

  • Distortion or traction of Dura, Venous Sinuses or Blood vessels: 

    • Drainage of CSF in erect posture causes headache, secondary to traction on the venous sinuses when the brain sinks toward the tentorium as it loses CSF flotation
    • Intracranial mass distorts the dura or the arteries at the base of the brain 
    • Distortion due to raised ICP 

  • Distension of a vessel

    • Distension of extracranial and occasionally intracranial arteries is thought to be the cause of pain in migraine (activate the trigeminal nerve terminals in the vessel wall)

  • Inflammation

    • Inflammation in the subarachnoid space can result in headache. Inflammation can be caused by infection, hemorrhage, or chemical irritation
    • Inflammation of vessel wall by autoimmune process. eg Giant cell arteritis

  • Referral of Pain

    • Lesions above the tentorium - referred pain in trigeminal nerve distribution (the forehead or behind the eye) - because the dura in this region is supplied by the trigeminal nerve
    • Lesions in the posterior fossa - 
      • referred pain in the ear and the back of the head - because this part of the dura is supplied by cranial nerves 9 and 10 and the upper three cervical roots
      • refer pain to orbit -  termination of orbital (ophthalmic division) pain nerve fibers in the lowest part of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, which also receive termination of the upper cervical pain afferent nerve fibers 
      • referred pain to ear - Irritation of cranial nerves 7, 9, and 10 - because the ear has cutaneous supply from each of these nerves as well as cranial nerve 5.

What are the types of Headaches?

For the purpose of history taking, headaches can be divided into two types:
  • Primary- no identifiable cause on examination or investigation and diagnosis is based on  recognizing a pattern, e.g.
    • Migraine
    • Cluster headache
    • Tension-type headache
  • Secondary - definite identifiable cause on examination or investigation, e.g. 
    • Brain tumors
    • Meningitis
    • Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage 
  • 90% - primary headaches, less than 10% are secondary headaches (Rasmussen 1991)

What are the headache "Red Flags"?

  • Worst Headache ever
  • New onset Headache
  • Onset after age of 50 yrs
  • Change in pattern of headache
  • Worsening headache
  • Sudden onset during exertion, sneezing, coughing
  • Headache with postural variation
  • Headache in setting of malignancy or HIV
  • Headache associated with Neurological symptoms or signs
  • Associated with systemic symptoms - fever, weight loss and chronic cough

What history to take in a patient presenting with Headache?
Duration
Exact duration as reported by patient
NEW onset headache or something that has been there since before and has worsened now

Onset ( sudden/ gradual )
Acute onset, severe, first and worst headache, the common possibilities are sub-arachnoid hemorrhage, vascular dissection, pituitary apoplexy
Gradual onset – migraine(mins to days), SDH, GCA(days to months)

Severity
verbal rating scale from 0 to 10

Character
Pulsatile or throbbing or hammering (Raised ICP Headaches/ Migraine)
Dull featureless pain (Tension type headache)
Boring sharp- cluster HA

Time of occurrence
Raised ICP headaches - More in morning, May waken the patient at an early hour

Frequency
Increase in frequency - red flag

Distribution
Frontal or Holocranial - Raised ICP
Band like - tension headaache


Aggravating factors
Exertion, coughing, sneezing, stooping, and straining at stool
Changes in posture (increases in supine - ↑ICP , increases in upright – low CSF pressure headache)

Relieving factors
Improvement on lying flat - low pressure headache

Associated features
Blurring of Vision - Papilloedema
Diplopia, the commonest cause of which is abducens nerve paresis
Nausea & vomiting – migraine, ↑ICP
Neck stiffness – meningeal process
Changes in consciousness
Focal neurological symptoms


References


12/24/2019 10:06:00 PM

What are Arnold Chiari Malformations?


  • These comprise a group of abnormalities involving the rhombencephalon (hindbrain) and the contents of the CV junction 
  • With common feature of impaired CSF circulation through the foramen magnum  
  • May be Congenital or Acquired
  • Ranging from simple herniation of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum to complete agenesis of the cerebellum 
  • Presently there is no consensus regarding the precise definition, classification, etiology and the surgical management 
  • Five types 
  • No anatomical or embryological correlation between them 


Historical Background of Arnold Chiari Malformations

  • 1883, John Cleland (Professor of anatomy in Glasgow, Scotland) - described hindbrain hernia in a child with myelodysplasia.
  • 1891 and 1896, Hans Chiari- (Professor of Pathology at German University, Prague, Czechoslovakia): analyzed data from >40 postmortem examinations of patients with hindbrain malformations
  • Chiari malformations I, II and III were coined in the earlier work and Chiari malformation IV was added in 1896 publication. 
  • 1894, Julius A. Arnold(Professor of Pathology at Heidelberg, Germany)- described a single myelodysplastic patient with associated hindbrain herniation.
  • Schwalbe & Gerdig included Arnold name in the eponym & designated it ARNOLD –CHIARI malformation 
Historical Background of Arnold Chiari Malformations

What are the types of Chiari Malformations?

Chiari type 0 malformation

  • alteration in Cerebro Spinal Fluid (CSF) hydrodynamics at the level of the foramen magnum. 
  • they have syringomyelia either without tonsil herniation or with only mild tonsil herniation

Chiari Type I malformation

  • caudal herniation of the cerebellar tonsils more than 5 mm below the foramen magnum
  • typically associated with hydrosyringomyelia.
  • not usually accompanied by descent of the brain stem or IV ventricle, nor associated with the presence of hydrocephalus.
  • Most common type
  • Presents in young 

Chiari type II malformation

  • caudal herniation of the cerebellar vermis, brain stem, and IV ventricle through the foramen magnum. 
  • associated with myelomeningocele, hydrocephalus, and, less frequently, hydrosyringomyelia. 
  • hypoplastic tentorium cerebelli, cranial lacunae, anomalies of the Sylvius aqueduct may exist.

Chiari type III malformation

  • consists of occipital encephalocoele, with some of the intracranial defects associated with Chiari II malformation.

Chiari type IV malformation

  • cerebellar aplasia or hypoplasia, associated with aplasia of the tentorium cerebelli.

Images showing various Chiari malformations


Image of a Type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation. The cerebellum has descended 7mm and there are herniated cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum.
Image of a Type 1 Arnold-Chiari Malformation. The cerebellum has descended 7mm and there are herniated cerebellar tonsils into the foramen magnum.
Artist's representation of a Chiari II malformation showing the points of potential obstruction that yield different subtypes of hydrocephalus
Artist's representation of a Chiari II malformation showing the points of potential obstruction that yield different subtypes of hydrocephalus
Neonate with Chiari malformation type III.T2-weighted mid-sagittal MRI scan of the patient shows a small posterior fossa, an deep parieooccipitalis fissure (open arrow), ad a partial callosal agenesis (curved arrow), and a caudal herniation of part of the brain stem through the foramen magnum, with inferior tip appearing between C5 and C6 (closed arrow). (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1930043315302697)
T1 weighted sagittal MRI showing a so called “Chiari IV” or primary cerebellar agenesis. There is a tiny portion of residual quadrangular lobule just caudal to the tectum and a normal sized posterior fossa. No associated meningomyelocele is present.
T1 weighted sagittal MRI showing a so called “Chiari IV” or primary cerebellar agenesis. There is a tiny portion of residual quadrangular lobule just caudal to the tectum and a normal sized posterior fossa. No associated meningomyelocele is present.

References

Related Posts

CLASSIFICATION OF ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATIONS


ARNOLD CHIARI MALFORMATION RADIOLOGY AND BASIC CONCEPTS


SPINAL DYSRAPHISM : QUICK TOPIC REVIEW AND MCQ POINTS

12/02/2019 10:34:00 PM
Diagram of Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway
Pupillary Light Reflex Pathway #neurosurgeon #neuro #neurosurgery #neurological #Pupil #neuroscience #neurology #neurochirurgie #lightreflex #pupillary #Lightreflexpathway https://ift.tt/33tMQAo via WSF Instagram
10/19/2019 09:42:00 PM

Anatomy of Basal Ganglia - Axial View

Structures generally included in the basal ganglia are the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus in the cerebrum, the substantia nigra in the midbrain, and the subthalamic nucleus in the diencephalon.

Basal ganglia's primary function is likely to control and regulate activities of the motor and premotor cortical areas so that voluntary movements can be performed smoothly.

Dysfunction results in a wide range of neurological conditions including disorders of behaviour control and movement.

Those of behaviour include Tourette syndrome, obsessive–compulsive disorder, and addiction.

Movement disorders include, most notably Parkinson's disease, which involves degeneration of the dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, Huntington's disease, which primarily involves damage to the striatum, dystonia, and hemiballismus


 #neurosurgeon #neuro #neurosurgery #neurological #basalganglia #neuroscience #neurology #neurochirurgie #neuroradiology #BGBleed #caudate #caudatenucleus https://ift.tt/33tMQAo via WSF Instagram
10/17/2019 12:36:00 AM

Topics

MRCS (60) MRCS Part B (50) Neurosurgery (34) NEET SS Surgery (27) GI Surgery (23) Surgery Neet SS (23) Surgical Vignettes (23) Case Discussions (19) Doctor Salary (19) MRCS Preparation (19) NEET PG (19) Spotters (19) Salary Stipend Survey (18) Best Books (17) MRCS Exam (17) MRCS Part A (17) General Surgery (12) Surgery (12) MRCS Eligibility (11) MCh Preparation (9) MS General Surgery (9) Surgery Videos (7) Trainee Doctors (7) MRCS Books (6) Surgery Powerpoints (6) Surgical Anatomy (6) Neurosurgery MCQs (5) Surgery MCQ Cram Sheet (3) Surgery Steps (3) Surgery Procedures (1) Surgery Quotes (1)
Copyright © 2015 World Surgery Forum Designed by VeeThemes.com | Distributed By Gooyaabi Templates